包括国内外研究现状、水平和发展趋势、经济建设和社会发展需求,当前须解决的主要问题、学术价值等。(限1000字)
国内外研究现状
约1% Graves病(毒性弥漫性甲状腺肿)孕母分娩的新生儿会发生甲亢。免疫性先天性甲亢可应用药物治疗加以控制。有报告应用抗甲状腺药物、β受体阻滞剂、碘化物治疗,必要时可加用糖皮质激素及地高辛治疗。非免疫性先天性甲亢,抗甲状腺药物治疗无效,需要手术切除大部分甲状腺之后再给予放射性碘治疗。
妊娠合并甲亢可引起新生儿永久性原发性甲低、暂时性甲低和垂体性甲低。新生儿甲低的发病率为1/4000,其中永久性甲低的发病率为1/4500。新生儿永久性甲低主要与甲状腺发育不良及甲状腺素合成障碍有关。而Graves病孕母引起新生儿永久性甲低主要与这些因素有关,其发生机制目前不清。
王敏研究认为对甲状腺功能亢进孕妇应用甲巯咪唑进行治疗,可有效降低新生儿室息发生率及早产率,改善新生儿甲状腺功能,有效降低新生儿甲状腺功能异常发生率。黄蕊,张晶探讨基于筛查的新生儿甲状腺功能减低症综合干预效果。研究指出,综合干预可有效提高复诊召回率、治疗依从性并改善家属心理状况。
水平和发展趋势
20世纪80年代末,荷兰学者Vulsma等发现,甲状腺激素合成障碍和无甲状腺新生儿的脐带血中存在甲状腺激素。这一发现推翻了母体甲状腺激素不能通过胎盘的传统观点。随后,西班牙研究小组对孕母甲状腺激素水平在子代脑发育中的作用进行了系列研究,进一步引发了多个学科对相关领域研究的强烈兴趣。特别是1999年,美国学者Haddow等在《新英格兰医学杂志》发表了具有开拓性的“母体亚临床甲状腺激素缺乏与后代神经智力发育临床研究”,使妊娠期甲状腺疾病迅速成为近十年内分泌学界和围产医学界研究的热点之一。最新研究显示对孕妇开展尿碘监测防止不良妊娠结局及新生儿甲状腺功能异常具有一定的临床意义。
经济建设和社会发展需求
先天性甲状腺功能减低(Congenital Hypothyroidism,CH)是一种常见的儿童内分泌疾病,它不仅影响小宝宝的体格发育,更严重的是会导致孩子的智力发育明显落后,因此以前也把这种疾病叫做呆小病。由于大部分患病的孩子在出生时临床表现并不典型,诊断的延迟将使得孩子治疗不及时,如果在新生儿期不能及时发现和开始正确的甲状腺制剂治疗会导致儿童智力低下,进而影响患儿日后的生活质量。孕母甲状腺功能异常可引起胎儿流产、死胎、宫内生长迟缓、早产、先天性畸形(如先天性心脏病)、真皮发育不良、甲状腺功能亢进症(甲亢)、甲状腺功能减低症(甲低)以及精神运动发育迟缓。因此,加强甲状腺功能异常孕母的管理是很重要的问题。
当前须解决的主要问题
孕期间母亲合并甲状腺功能亢进症需早期及时给予诊断和治疗,可使新生儿甲状腺功能异常发生率得到降低,对新生儿出生质量也有明显改善作用,临床应给予足够重视。也是当前医学界急需解决的主要问题。
学术价值
妊娠合并甲状腺功能低下严重影响新生儿身长、体重发育,易加剧窒息和并发症风险,妊娠孕妇应重视甲状腺功能检测,做到及时诊断治疗,以改善新生儿健康状况和促进其生长发育。本课题在前人研究成果的基础上,进一步探讨妊娠期甲状腺疾病对新生儿甲状腺功能影响,并总结预防对策,以期提高临床治疗水平。
主要参考文献
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